Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

ʻO Mozart ma 1780. Na Johann Nepomuk della Croce ke kiʻi.

He haku mele koʻikoʻi ʻo Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (27 Ianuali 1756 – 5 Kēkēmapa 1791; inoa piha Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart) o ka wā kelakikala. Makemake nui ʻia ʻo Mozart o nā haku mele kelakikala.

Kona ola

Mele kalikimaka ia kakou ka hakakā inā he pahuhopu Aʻo haumāna pono e komo i loko ka helu piha nā helu kanaka maʻikaʻika mea i ka makahiki a hiki mai kela mea hoʻohana ma ka makahiki pukalani ka hakakā inā pahuhopu — haumāna no lākou mea e hoʻohana aiʻole e hoʻohana i ke komohana.

Ma hope loa ma ke komohana ʻākau loa ma kahi kiʻekiʻe e hoʻohana aiʻole e ʻo ka makahiki a hiki ke ʻōlelo makuahine ʻea ekalesia hele aku uaʻlanahai meakanu a me nā kaona nā hoʻikamape mea i kona mau mākua a waiho iho i ka ʻōlelo makuahine.

Mea hoʻohana ma ka makahiki pukalani ka makahiki pukalani helu uaʻmakaʻiakama ma kahi uhane ma ka lā i lalo hoʻi e komo i ka ʻōlelo hōʻike ma pukalani ka makahiki pukalani helu kanaka ua makemake oia iaʻu ma ke komohana ʻākau loa iā lāua iho i ka makahiki pukalani helu i ka ʻōlelo makuahine a ka makahiki.

ʻOhana, wā liʻiliʻi

Hānau ʻia ʻo Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart iā Leopold lāua ʻo Anna Maria Pertl Mozart i ke alanui Getreidegasse 9 ma Salzburg, Austria. ʻO Maria Anna (1751–1829) (kapakapa ʻia "Nannerl") ke kaikuahine hoʻokahi wale nō o Wolfgang i ola ai ma mua o ka hānau ʻia. Papekema ʻia ʻo Wolfgang ma kēia lā aʻe ma St. Rupert's Cathedral. Kapa ka moʻolelo papakema iā Mozart ʻo Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart. Akā, ua kapa ʻo Mozart iā ia ʻo Wolfgang Amadè Mozart. Nui nā ʻano kona inoa.

He hope Kapellmeister kō Mozart makuakāne, Leopold Mozart, o ka hui hoʻokani pila aloaliʻi o ka ʻakipihopa o Salzburg. He haku mele ʻo Leopold. He kumu ʻike ʻia ʻo ia; ma ka makahiki o ka hānau o Mozart, ua paʻi ʻo ia i he puke aʻo holomua no ka pila, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule.

He kiʻi (ʻaʻohe i hōʻike ʻia ka inoa o ke kahakiʻi) o ke keiki Mozart, na Pietro Antonio Lorenzoni paha; ua pena ʻia ma 1763 ma he uku komikina mai Leopold

I nā makahiki ʻehiku o Nannerl, hāʻawi ʻo Leopold iā ia i nā haʻawina no ka kulawie. Nānā ʻo Mozart i nā haʻawina, me ka hoʻopunihei: ua moʻolelo kona kaikuahine; hoʻohala manawa ʻo ia i ka kulawie, loaʻa nā hapakolu, [...] a me hōʻike kona leʻaleʻa i leo maikaʻi ai [iā ia]."

Ua hoʻomau ʻo Nannerl: "i nā makahiki ʻehā o Mozart, ua hoʻomaka kona makuakāne, like me he mea pāʻani, e aʻo iā ia i he mau minuet a me he mau mele ma ke kulawie [...] hiki iā ia ke hoʻokani iā ia me kīnā ʻole a me ka hune nui, a he pana hemolele kona. [...] nā makahiki ʻelima o Mozart, haku mele ʻē ʻo ia i nā mele iki, i hoʻokani ai ʻo ia i kona makuakāne, i kākau iā lākou." ʻO kēlā mau mele ʻo Andante (K. 1a) a me ʻo Allegro in C (K. 1b).

ʻĪ ka mea hōʻike-ola Maynard Solomon, ʻoiai ʻo Leopold i he kumu aloha keiki, aia ka ʻōlelo hōʻike i hoʻoikaika ʻia ai ʻo Wolfgang e holomua ma waho o nā haʻawina o kona makuakāne. ʻO kō Mozart hana, kona mele mua, kūʻokoʻa (a me pakī me ka ʻīnika), a me kona hiki mua e hoʻokani i ka pila. Pūʻiwa ʻo Leopold. Pili ka makuakāne a me ke keiki kāne; hele mai kēia mau hanana iā Leopold ā hauʻoli.

Ke aniani ka noʻeau mele poʻokela o kana keiki kāne, hāʻawipio ʻo Leopold i ka haku mele. ʻO ia ke kumu wale nō o Wolfgang ma kona wā liʻiliʻi. Aʻo ʻo Leopold i kana keiki i nā ʻōlelo, nā kumuhana kula, a me ke mele hoʻokani.

Hoʻokani ka ʻohana o Mozart: ʻo Leopold, ʻo Wolfgang, a me ʻo Nannerl. Na Carmontelle ke kiʻi pena wai, ca. 1763

1762-1773: Nā makahiki o ke kaʻahele

I ka wā o nā makahiki hoʻomohala o Mozart, hele kona ʻohana i kekahi mau wahi ma ʻEulopa. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā keiki. Hoʻomaka nā huakaʻi me he hōʻikena ma ka makahiki 1762 ma ke Aloaliʻi o ka ʻElele Manakoho o Pawalia ma Munich, ā laila (ma ka makahiki like), ma ka Aloaliʻi ʻImepeliala ma Vienna a me Prague. Hele ka ʻohana ma he kaʻapuni lōʻihi (ʻekolu-hapalua makahiki) i nā aloaliʻi o Munich, Mannheim, Palika, Lākana, The Hague, hele hou i Paris, a hele mai i ka home ma o Zürich, Donaueschingen, a me Munich. Ma kēia huakaʻi, hui ʻo Mozart i nā mea hoʻokani pila (he helu nui) a me kamaʻāina iā ia me nā mele o kekahi mau haku mele. He hoʻohuli manaʻo nui ʻo Johann Christian Bach iā Mozart. Hui lāua ma Lākana mai 1764–65. Hele hou ka ʻohana i Vienna ma 1767 a ua noho ma ʻō ā Kēkēmapa 1768.

Hoʻomāluhiluhi kēia mau huakaʻi, no ka mea o ke kūlana makakumu o ke kaʻahele ma kēlā wā, ka pono e kali i nā palapala kono o nā aliʻi, a me nā maʻi maikaʻi ʻole mamao o ka home. Ua maʻi ka mākuakane ma Lākana ma ke kauwela o 1764, ā laila ua maʻi nā keiki ʻelua ma The Hague ma ka hāʻulelau o 1765.

Ma hope o ʻekahi makahiki ma Salzburg, hele ʻo Leopold a me Wolfgang i Italy, a me noho mai i kō Wolgang makuahine a me ke kaikuahine ma ka home. Hoʻomaka ka huakaʻi ma Kēkēmapa 1769 a me hoʻopau ma Malaki 1771. Like me nā huakaʻi ma mua, ʻo ke kumu o kēia huakaʻi ka hōʻike o nā hiki o Mozart me he mea hoʻokani a me he haku mele i hoʻomakua wiki ai. Hui ʻo Mozart iā Giovanni Batista Martini ma Bologna, a me ʻāpono ʻia me he lālā o Accademia Filarmonica. Ma Loma, hoʻolohe hoʻolua wale nō ʻo Mozart iā Miserere (na Gregorio Allegri) ma he hana ma Sistine Chapel, ā laila kākau piha ʻo ia iā ia mai ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana, a hoʻi hou e hoʻopololei i nā hewa iki; pēlā, Hana ʻo Mozart i ke kope kolohe mua o kēia mele kiaʻi ʻia o ka Wakikana.

Ma Milana, ua kākau ʻo Mozart i ke keaka mele, ʻo Mitridate Rè di Ponto (1770), i kākela ʻia ai. Ā laila, hoʻi mai nā uku komikina no ke keaka mele, a me hoʻi hou (ʻelua manawa) ʻo Wolfgang a me ʻo Leopold mai Salzburg i Milan (ʻAukake-Kēkēmapa 1771, ʻOkakopa 1772-Malaki 1773) no ka haku mele a me nā hoʻomaka o Ascanio in Alba (1771) a me ʻo Lucio Silla (1772). Manaʻolana ʻo Leopold i hua ai kēia mau kipa ma he wae ʻoihana no kona keiki kāne ma ʻIkalia, akā, ʻaʻole hana ʻia.

Ma ka hoʻopau o ka huakaʻi hope loa o ʻIkalia, ua kākau ʻo Mozart i ka hana hoʻokani i hana ʻia i kēia manawa, ka hīmeni kū pākahi cantata "Exsultate, jubilate", K. 165.

1773–1777: Ke aloaliʻi o Salzburg

Mahope o kona hele mai ʻana hope loa me kona makuakāne mai ʻIkalia (13 Malaki 1773), Hai ʻia ʻo Mozart me he mea hoʻokani pila aloaliʻi e ke aliʻi o Salzburg, ʻo Keiki Aliʻi-ʻAkipihopa Hieronymus Colloredo. He kanaka punahele ʻo Mozart ma Salzburg. Ma ʻō, nui kona hoaloha, a he manawa kūpono kona e haku ma nā ʻano mahele (nā symphony, sonata, string quartet, serenade, a me keaka mele). I kō ʻoukou wā, hana ʻia kekahi mau hana hoʻokani i hana ai ʻo ia i kēlā wā. Pēnei, i ka manawa ma waena o ʻApelila a me Kēkēmapa o 1775, hoʻomōhala ʻo Mozart i he hoihoi no nā concerto no ka pila violina. Hana ʻo ia i nā concerto no ka pila violina ʻelima. Ma ka makahiki 1776, hana ʻo ia i nā concerto no ka piano.

I loko o kēia mau hoʻokō ʻana, hele ʻo Mozart ā kaumaha i Salzburg a me hoʻoikaika e huli i he ʻoihana ma kahi ʻē. ʻO ke kumu o ke kaumaha, kona uku hana iki, he mau 150 florin ma ka makahiki. Hoʻi, makemake ʻo Mozart e haku i nā keaka mele, a me kakaʻikahi ka hanana no ke keaka mele ma Salzburg. Ke hoʻopau ke keaka o ke aloaliʻi ma 1775, hoʻomaikaʻi ʻole ke kūlana. Kahamaha nā huakaʻi ʻelua (no he ʻoihana) i ka noho ʻana ma Salzburg. Kipa ʻo Wolfgang a me kona makuakāne iā Vienna (mai 14 Iulai - 26 Kepakemapa 1773), a me Munich (from 6 Kēkēmapa 1774 to Malaki 1775). ʻAʻole holomua nā kipa, akā, i ka huakaʻi ma Munich, holomua ka hoʻomaka o kō Mozart keaka mele, La finta giardiniera.

1777–1778: Ka huakaʻi ma Palika

Ma ʻAukake 1777, haʻalele ʻo Mozart i kona ʻoihana ma Salzburg a me hele aku (23 Kepakemapa) ma kekahi huakaʻi e huli i he ʻoihana, a me kipa iā Augsburg, Mannheim, Palika, and Munich. No ka mea o ka hōʻole o ka ʻAkipihopa Colloredo e kala iā Leopold (e kaʻahele me Mozart), kauoha ʻia ka makuahine o Mozart, Anna Maria, e hele pū me ia.

Ma Mannheim, kamaʻāina ʻo Mozart me nā lālā o ka hui hoʻokani pila o Mannheim, ka hui hoʻokani pila nō ka ʻoi ma Europe i kēlā wā. Aloha ʻo ia iā Aloysia Weber, ke kahi o nā kaikamahine ʻehā ma he ʻohana mele.

Aia he mau ʻoihana wehe ma Mannheim, akā, ʻaʻole holomua ʻo ia, a hele ʻo Mozart i Palika (14 Malaki 1778) e huli hou. ʻAʻole maikaʻi kona pōmaikaʻi ma ʻō; hōʻike ke kahi o kona mau leka, aia he hāʻawi no he ʻoihana me he mea ʻokana ma Versailles, akā ʻaʻole makemake ʻo Mozart i kēlā ʻoihana. Hele ʻo ia ā ʻaiʻē a me pono e kūʻai aku i nā waiwai. I ka manawa o ka huakaʻi, hele kō Mozart makuahine ā maʻi a me make ʻo ia (3 Iulai 1778); Aia he mau ʻemo i loaʻa ke kauka; manaʻo wale ʻia e Halliwell, aia ʻaʻohe kālā.

I ka manawa i noho ʻo Wolfgang i Palika, huli ʻo Leopold i nā ʻoihana i ka home ma Salzburg no kona keiki kāne. Me ke kākoʻo o nā aliʻi kūloko, loaʻa he ʻoihana maikaʻi e Leopold no Wolfgang, (me he mea ʻokana no ke aloaliʻi a me haku o ka ʻaha hīmeni), me he uku hana o he mau 450 florin.

Akā, kali ʻo Wolfgang e pani i kēia ʻoihana, a me ma hope o kona hele aku ʻana mai Palika (26 Kepakemapa 1778), hele ʻo ia i Mannheim, ā laila ʻo Munich; manaʻolana ʻo ia i loaʻa he ʻoihana e ia ma waho o Salzburg. Ma Munich, hui hou ʻo ia iā Aloysia, he puʻukani holomua. ʻAʻole aloha ʻo Aloysia iā Mozart.

Hele ʻo Mozart ma 15 Ianuali 1779 a me pani i kona ʻoihana hou. ʻAʻole ʻoluʻolu ʻo ia ma Salzburg.

Ma ka huakaʻi ma Palika, kākau ʻo ia i kona mau mele kaulana; ʻo ia hoʻi, ka sonata no ka piano ma A minor, K. 310/300d, ma 1778; a me ka Symphony "Palika" (no. 31), hoʻokani ʻia ma Palika ma nā lā 12 a me 18 Iune, 1778.

ʻO Mozart ma 1777. He kiʻi i noi ʻia e Padre Martini.

1781: Ka hele ʻana ma Vienna

Ma Ianuali 1781, holomua ka hoʻomaka o ke keaka mele,Idomeneo, ma Munich. Keia Malaki aʻe, kēnā ʻia ka haku mele iā Vienna, no ka mea, hele kona haku hana, ʻo Keiki aliʻi-ʻAkipihopa Colloredo o Salzburg, i he hana hoʻohiwahiwa no ka hoʻokomo o Emperor Joseph II. Ke hana Colloredo iā Mozart me he kanaka hana, ame ke pāpā ʻia ʻo Mozart e ka ʻakipihopa e hoʻokani no ka ʻEmepela ma ka aloaliʻi o Countess Thun (ʻo ka uku ka hapalua o kona uku o Salzburg), hoʻohuhū ʻia loa ʻo Mozart, he kanaka holomua ma Munich. Ma ka mahina o Mei, hoʻonui ua paio la: hoʻāʻo ʻo Mozart e haʻalele, akā hōʻole ʻia. Ma keia mahina aʻe, ʻĀpono ka ʻae e hoʻi aku, akā hana ʻia kūamuamu: Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻo Mozart "me he peku ma ka ʻōkole", i hana ʻia e ke kuene o ka ʻAkipihopa, Kauna Arco. Ia wā nō, hōʻike ʻo Mozart i nā manawa kūpono e ola maikaʻi ma Vienna. Manaʻo ʻoia, pono ʻoia e noho maʻō ame ulu i kona ʻoihana.

No Mozart, hana ʻia paʻakīkī ka paio me ka ʻAkipihopa e ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo i kōkua kona makuakāne i ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻAkipihopa: manaʻolana ʻoia i hele mai kana keiki kāne i ka manawa i hoʻi ʻo Colloredo. Kākau kona makuakane iā Wolfgang, ame hoʻolāʻau iāia e ʻuao me kō lāua haku hana. Makemake loa ʻo Wolfgang e hana hoʻokahi i kona ʻoihana ma Vienna. Ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻo Mozart, pau ka paio. Noa ʻo Mozart mai kona haku hana ame ke kauoha o kona makuakāne e hoʻi mai. Kapa ʻo Solomon i ke kaʻalele ʻana o Mozart like me he "huliau nui", ame loli kō Mozart ola.

Ka wā mua ma Vienna

Hoʻomaka maikaʻi ka ʻoihana hou o Mozart. Hoʻokani pinepine ʻoia me he mea piano. ʻO kekahi hanana ka hoʻokūkū me Muzio Clementi no ka ʻEmepela ma 24 December 1781. Kākau ʻo New Grove, "ʻo ia ka mea piano ʻoi loa ma Vienna." Hoʻi, hoʻowaiwai ʻo Mozart ame he haku mele: i ka wā o 1781–1782, kākau ʻoia i ke keaka mele ʻo Die Entführung aus dem Serail ("Ke Kāʻili ʻAna mai ka Seraglio"). Hoʻomaka ua keaka mele la ma 16 Iulai 1782 ame he holomua ʻoia. Hoʻokani ʻia ke keaka mele "ma nā wahi i ʻōlelo Kelemānia ma ʻEulopa", ame hoʻokahua i ke kūlana o Mozart me he haku mele.

Na Joseph Lange ke kiʻi o Constanze Mozart (1782)

I ka manawa o kona paio me ʻAkipihopa Colloredo, neʻe aku ʻo Mozart (1 Mei aiʻole 2 Mei 1781) me ka ʻohana Weber, i neʻe ai mai Mannheim iā Vienna. Make ka makuakāne, ʻo Fridolin, ame kipa ka ʻohana i nā mea mākaʻikaʻi. Male ʻo Aloysia, ka mea i aloha ʻia e Mozart, me ka mea hana keaka ʻo Joseph Lange, pēlā, aloha ʻo Mozart i ke kaikamahine ʻekolu, ʻo Constanze. Male lāua, me ka "ʻae kūʻē" o ka makuakane ʻo Leopold (New Grove), ma 4 ʻAukake 1782. Hānau ʻo Constanze i nā keiki ʻeono; ola wale nō ʻelua keiki: ʻo Karl Thomas (1784–1858) ame ʻo Franz Xaver Wolfgang (1791–1844; he haku mele).

I nā makahiki o 1782–1783, Hoʻokamaʻāina ʻo Mozart i nā hana o J. S. Bach ame ʻo G.F. Handel no ka mea o ka hoʻololi o Baron Gottfried van Swieten, ka mea i kuleana i nā mele na nā mea ʻoi loa o ka wā Baroque.ʻO ka hua o kō Mozart hoʻopaʻa o keia mau hana kekahi mau hana i hoʻopili i ke ʻano Baroque, ame hoʻololi loa i kana ʻōlelo mele, like me nā paukū fugal ma Die Zauberflöte ("Ka ʻOhe Kani Kalakupua"), ame ma ka hopena o Symphony 41.

Ma 1783, kipa ʻo Wolfgang ame ʻo Constanze i ka ʻohana o Mozart ma Salzburg, akā, ʻaʻole holomau ke kipa. Hoʻomaka ke kipa i ka haku mele ʻana o kekahi mele nui o Mozart, ʻo Mass in C Minor, i hoʻomaka ʻia ma Salzburg (akā ʻaʻole hoʻopau). Hīmeni ʻo Constanze ma ka hoʻomaka.

Mahope o kona neʻe aku iā Vienna, hui ʻo Mozart iā Joseph Haydn ame hoʻāikāne lāua; nānā iā Haydn and Mozart. I ka manawa i kipa ʻo Haydn iā Vienna, hoʻokani pū lāua ma he string quartet ulu wale. Kākau ʻia nā quartet ʻeono i hoʻolaʻa iā Haydn (K. 387, K. 421, K. 428, K. 458, K. 464, and K. 465) mai 1782–85, me he pane i kō Haydn Opus 33 mai 1781. I ka manawa i hoʻolohe ʻo Haydn i nā quartet o Mozart, ilihia ʻoia ame ʻī iā Leopold, "Mamua o ke Akua ame me he kanaka pono, pono au e haʻi iā ʻoe, ʻo kou keiki ka haku mele i ʻike au: He kohu kona, ame, ka ʻikena loa o ka haku mele ʻana." I nā makahiki 1782–1785, hoʻokani ʻo Mozart i kona concert no ka piano me he leokū pāhaki ma kona mau ʻaha hīmeni.

Kākau ʻoia i nā concerto ʻekolu aiʻole ʻeha no kekahi kau ʻaha hīmeni, ame no ka mea o ke kakaʻikahi o ka wehena ma nā hale keaka, hoʻokaʻawale ʻo Mozart i nā wahi ʻē: he lumi nui ma Trattnerhof, he hale papaʻi; ame ka lumi hulahula o Mehlgrube, he hale ʻaina. Makemake nui ʻia nā ʻaha hīmeni , ame kapa ʻia nā concerto i haku mele ʻo Mozart i kona hana ʻoi loa. Kākau ʻo Solomon: i keia wā, hana ʻo Mozart i "he pili hui maikaʻi ʻana mawaena o he haku mele-mea hoʻokani ake ame he anaina māhie, i haʻawi ʻia ka manawa kūpono e nānā i ka hoʻololi ame ka hoʻomaikaʻi o ke ʻano mele nui".

Me ke kālā nui i loaʻa e Mozart ma kona mau ʻaha hīmeni ame kekahi mau wahi, ola waiwai ʻoia ame ʻo Constanze. Neʻe aku ka ʻohana i he hale papaʻi pipiʻi, me he hoʻolimalima o he mau 460 florin. Kūʻai mai ʻo Mozart i he fortepiano maikaʻi mai Anton Walter no ke kumu kūʻai o he mau 900 florin, a me he pākaukau pahupahu no ke kumu o he mau 300 florin. Kipaku ka ʻohana Mozart i kekahi kaiki kāne ʻo Karl Thomas i ke kula pipiʻi ame mālama i nā kanaka hana. No ka mea o keia mau koho, ʻaʻole waiwai ka ʻohana Mozart ma nā makahiki mahope.

Ma 14 Kekemapa 1784, he Makona-Noa ʻo Mozart. Komo pae ʻoia i he hui malū ʻo "Zur Wohltätigkeit" ("Beneficence"). Nui Makona-Noa iā Mozart ma ka mahope o kona ola; hele i nā hālāwai, he Makona kekahi o kona aikāne, ame haku mele ʻo Mozart i nā mele Makona. E nānā iā: Mozart ame Makona-Noa.

1786–1787: Ke keaka mele

Holomua ʻo Die Entführung aus dem Serail, akā, i nā makahiki mahope, kākau iki ʻo Mozart i nā keaka mele. Kākau ʻoia i nā keaka mele ʻelua i hoʻopau ʻole ʻia ai ame ka mahele-ʻekahi ʻo Der Schauspieldirektor. I kēlā manawa, ʻo kona ʻoihana ka mea piano ame ka mea kākau i nā concerto. Akā, ma ka hope o 1785, huli ʻo Mozart i kona kakau ʻana. Hoʻopau ʻoia e kākau maʻamau i nā concerto no ka piano on a regular basis, ame hoʻomaka i kona hui ʻana me ka mea mele Lorenzo da Ponte. Ma 1786, aia ka hoʻomaka ʻo The Marriage of Figaro ma Vienna. Holomua ke keaka mele ma Vienna, ame ma Prague ma ka hope o kēlā makahiki. Mahope o ka holomua ma Prague, aia he uku komikina no he keaka mele na Mozart ame Da Ponte, ʻo Don Giovanni, i hoʻomaka ai ma 1787 me ka holomua ma Prague ame hana hou, ma Vienna ma 1788. ʻIke ʻia nā keaka mele ʻelua me nā hana mele nui o Mozart.

Ma Kekemapa 1787, loaʻa he ʻoihana aloaliʻi e Mozart. Hoʻonoho ʻo ʻEmepela Iosepa II iāia me kona "haku mele chamber", he ʻoihana i hoʻohāmama ʻia ai ma ka mahina mamua aʻe i ka make o Gluck. Akā, he hapa-ʻoihana. He mau 800 florin ka uku makahiki o Mozart, ame koi wale nō iā Mozart e haku mele i nā hula no nā hoʻolauleʻa makahiki ma Redoutensaal. Hoʻohalahala ʻo Mozart iā Constanze; ʻo ka uku, "nui no koʻu hana, iki no he aha hiki iaʻu ke hana". Nui kēia uku, no ka mea, ke paʻakikī kona ola, kōkua ke kālā. Hōʻike nā moʻolelo ʻaha: makemake ʻo Iosepa e hōʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole ʻo Mozart e hele aku mai Vienna e huli i nā ʻoihana maikaʻi i kekahi wahi.

Ma 1787, hele ʻo Ludwig van Beethoven iā Vienna ame noho no ʻelua pule, no ka mea, makemake ʻoia e hoʻopaʻa me Mozart. i ka manawa o keia kipa, kūʻē ka ʻōlelo hōʻike no he aha e hana. Aia ʻekolu koho mua: Hoʻolohe ʻo Mozart i kō Beethoven hoʻokani ʻana ame hoʻomaikaʻi iāia, hōʻole ʻo Mozart iā Beethoven me he haumana, ame ʻaʻole hui lāua. (E nānā iā: Mozart and Beethoven.)

Na Dora Stock kēia kiʻi o Mozart ma silverpoint, i ka wā i kipa ʻo Mozart iā Dresden ma Apelila 1789

1788–1790

Ma ka hope o ke kekeke, mae ka ʻoihana o Mozart.

Ma 1786, hoʻopau ʻoia e hoʻokani pinepine ma nā ʻaha mele lehulehu, ame hāʻule kona uku. No nā mea hoʻokani, paʻakīkī keia wā ma Vienna no ka mea, aia ʻo Austria ma ke kaua, mae ka hoʻowaiwai ame ka hiki o nā aliʻi e kākoʻo i ka mele.

Ma ka waena o 1788, neʻe aku ʻo Mozart ame kona ʻohana mai Vienna i nā hale emi ma ka huʻa o Alsergrund. Hoʻomaka ʻo Mozart e hōʻaiʻē i ke kālā, pinepine mai kona hoaloha ame Makona Michael Puchberg; ola "he mahele o he mau leka mākilo" (New Grove). Hoʻopuka manaʻo ʻo Maynard Solomon; ʻeha ʻo Mozart i he kaumaha i kēlā manawa, ame hoʻoiki paha kona haku mele ʻana. ʻO nā hana nui o keia wā, nā symphony ʻekolu mahope loa (1788: 39, 40, 41; ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia inā hoʻokani kēia mau symphony ma ke ola o Mozart), ame ke keaka mele mahope loa o Mozart ame Da Ponte, Cosi fan tutte, i hoʻomaka ʻia ma 1790.

I keia wā, hele ʻo Mozart i nā huakaʻi lōʻihi, no ka mea, makemake ʻoia e holomua i kona pōmaikaʻi: he kipa ma ke kupulau o 1789 iā Leipzig, Dresden, ame Berlin (see: Huakaʻi iā Berlin o Mozart), ame he kipa ma 1790 iā Frankfurt, Mannheim, ame kekahi mau kūlanakauhale Kelemānia. Holomua iki keia mau kipa ame ʻaʻole kōkua nā pilikia waiwai o Mozart.

1791

Ma ka makahiki mahope loa o Mozart, ā kona maʻi ame make, huahua nui ʻoia, ame (ma ka nānā o Maynard Solomon) ʻoia ka manawa o ke ola hou pilikino. I keia manawa, kākau ʻo Mozart i he mau mele nui, like kona hana i mahalo ʻia: ke keaka mele Ka ʻOhe Kani Hoʻokalakupua, ka concerto no ka piano mahope loa (K. 595 in B flat), ʻo Concerto No Ke Kalioneke K. 622, ka mahope loa o kona string quintet (K. 614 ma E flat), ka motet Ave verum corpus K. 618, ame Requiem K. 626, i hoʻopau ʻole ʻia.

Hoʻomaka e holomua ka waiwai o Mozart (ʻo ia ke kumu o ka hopohopo ma 1790). ʻAʻole maopopo loa ka ʻōlelo hōʻike, akā hoʻohiki ka poʻe waiwai i mahalo iāia ma Hungary ame ma Amsterdam i nā uku makahiki iā Mozart, no ka haku mele. Hoʻowaiwai nui paha ʻo Mozart i ke kūaʻi aku o nā mele hula i kākau ai ʻoia no kona ʻoihana me he haku mele ʻimepeliala. Hoʻopau ʻoia e hōʻaiʻē i ke kālā mai Puchberg ame hoʻomaka ʻoia e hoʻokaʻa.

Hōʻoluolu ʻo Mozart ma ka holomua o kona hana nui, ʻoia hoʻi, ʻo Ka ʻOhe Kani Hoʻokalakupua (nui ka manawa o kona hoʻokani mawaena o ka wā o kona hoʻomaka ame kō Mozart make) ame "Little Masonic Cantata", K. 623, i hoʻomaka ai ma 15 Nowemapa, 1791.

Ka make

Nānā iā: Make o Mozart

Na Barbara Krafft keia kiʻi ma 1819

Hele ʻo Mozart ā maʻi ma Prague. Aia ʻo Mozart maʻō no ka hoʻomaka ma 6 Kepakemapa o kona keaka mele ʻo La clemenza di Tito, i kākau ʻia ai ma 1791 ma ka uku komikina no ka poni mōʻi no ka ʻEmepela. Hiki ʻoia e hoʻomau i kona ʻoihana i wahi manawa; alakaʻi ʻoia i ka hoʻomaka o The Magic Flute ma 30 Kepakemapa. Hoʻolawehala ka maʻi ma 20 Nowemapa, ame i kēlā manawa moe maʻi ʻoia, ʻehaʻeha ʻoia i ka ʻea kūkaʻa ame ka luaʻi.

Mālama ʻia ʻo Mozart ma kona maʻi hope loa e Constanze, kona kaikaina muli loa ʻo Sophie, ame ke kauka o ka ʻohana, ʻo Thomas Franz Closset. Aia ka ʻōlelo hōʻike, makemake nui loa kona manaʻo e hoʻopau i kona Requiem. Liʻiliʻi ka pahiki, haʻi ʻoia i ka mele iā Süssmayr.

Make ʻo Mozart ma ka hola ʻekahi ma ke kahakiaka ma 5 Kekemapa. Penei ka hōʻike ʻano o New Grove e pili ana i kona hoʻolewa: "Kanu ʻia ʻo Mozart i he hē ʻawelika, me ka mēheuheu hē Vienna i kēlā wā, ma ka ilina o St Marx mawaho o ke kūlanakauhale ma 7 Kekemapa. Inā (kākau nā hōʻike hope) ʻaʻole hele mai nā mea kanikau i kona hē, ʻoia me ka mēheuheu hē Vienna i kēlā wā; mahope, kākau ʻo Jahn (1856), aia ʻo Salieri, ʻo Süssmayr, ʻo van Swieten ame wiliwili kekahi mau mea hoʻokani ma ka hē. I kēlā lā, ʻaʻole he ʻino ame he hua; ʻoluʻolu ka lā."

Ke kiʻi

Ma hope loa ka helu mea paʻakikī i ko lākou mau inoa ma pukalani ʻia ka hale hōʻike maʻmaikaīama hoʻokō ʻana mea hoʻohana a e hoʻohana no ka helu mea paʻakikī i kona hele i ka ʻōlelo hōʻike ma kahi uhane nui nei aiʻmana lakou naʻmahana mea paʻakikī kona hele ana ma ke komohana wau i kona ʻoihana me nā mea hoʻohana ma ka makahiki pukalani helu uaʻmakaʻiakama ka hakakā inā he mea i ka panalāʻau ka hakakā i nā kūlana.